Dug beneath a peaceful park, the St. Hanshaugen air raid shelter, one of the largest in Oslo, will accommodate 1,100 people behind its heavy metal doors. The air is chilly, the light is pale and the toilets are rudimentary: the lair is not a three-star hotel, but it is designed to protect against possible bombings and NRBC (nuclear, radiological, biological or chemical) threats.
“Today, we have around 18,600 shelters, enough to cover a little less than 50% of the population” of the country (5.6 million inhabitants), Øistein Knudsen, head of the Norwegian Civil Defense, explains to AFP. “Many need to be modernized: they were built during the Cold War, they are damp, old…
A member of NATO, the Scandinavian kingdom wants to re-establish the obligation to provide new large buildings with air-raid shelters, a requirement which was lifted in 1998, a “peace dividend” generated by the implosion of the USSR. The idea is not to build expensive shelters, but to offer basic protection against threats like drones, now omnipresent on battlefields.
Modernization of protection infrastructures
“My Ukrainian colleagues are waging an existential war on their own territory, and yet they still find time to share their experiences,” emphasizes Øistein Knudsen. “Just listening to them talk about what they’re going through, the attacks on the civilian population, what it means to operate as a civil defense force in times of war, those experiences are invaluable.”
The construction of shelters is one of 100 proposals made last year in a White Paper. The government also wants to increase by 50%, to 12,000 men and women, the number of Civil Defense personnel, require all municipalities to have a “local preparation council” or even increase the rate of food self-sufficiency to 50% by 2030. Households are particularly elsewhere invited to stock up on something to last for seven days.
“For many decades in Norway, we have had the luxury of being able to devote our resources to other things,†says Kristine Kallset, state secretary at the Ministry of Justice and Public Security. “But since the security situation has deteriorated, we have understood that there are a certain number of things to do to ensure that our preparation also includes war in the worst-case scenario,” she underlines to AFP in the new government premises. Mischief of the calendar, these buildings rebuilt after having been devastated in 2011 by the attack of the extremist Anders Behring Breivik do not have an air raid shelter.
Adaptation of civil security systems
In his New Year’s greetings, Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre alerted his fellow citizens that “war could return to Norway.” The year 2026 was decreed that of “total defense”, a concept which aims to prepare all links in society – army, administrations, businesses – for a major crisis or war.
“Today’s threat picture, whether it’s the climate crisis, great power rivalry, the war in Ukraine, the Middle East or pandemics, is much more interdisciplinary than it was 20 years ago,” says Jarle Løwe Sørensen, crisis management specialist at Southern University. Norway. “We are on the right track in the preparations, but there are bureaucratic, legal and organizational mechanisms which often hinder the proper functioning of the system and prevent everything from coming together in a truly optimal way,” he says. The areas of responsibility between police, firefighters, health services or even the national guard do not always coincide.
On the streets of Oslo, the level of awareness varies. “I don’t think about it on a daily basis, but I have my little emergency kit,” says Øystein Ringen Vatnedalen, a 51-year-old business manager. “I put some cash aside, thought through a few scenarios – where I would go, who I would look after – and I have a radio, water, everything the authorities recommend.”
