In his book, Ludovic Tournès delves into the concept of cultural diplomacy, exploring its historical roots and significance.
What is Cultural Diplomacy?
Cultural diplomacy traditionally refers to a nation’s strategy to spread its national culture beyond its borders. Tournès expands this definition by considering cultural diplomacy as a set of actions carried out by both private and public actors with the aim of promoting a nation’s cultural productions internationally. These actions are often coordinated to form a coherent policy.
Soft Power vs. Cultural Diplomacy
Tournès critiques the concept of “soft power” as a prescriptive rather than analytical tool, arguing that it fails to account for the complex mechanisms of cultural diplomacy over time. He suggests that cultural diplomacy, in its goal to increase a nation’s influence through cultural products, has deeper historical roots and complexities than the concept of soft power.
Impact of World Wars and Cold War on Cultural Diplomacy
Tournès highlights the role of cultural diplomacy in major global conflicts such as the World Wars and the Cold War. He notes that these periods saw a significant expansion of cultural diplomacy as nations used culture to assert influence. The intertwining of cultural diplomacy and propaganda during these conflicts reflects the crucial role culture played in shaping international relations.
Evolution of Cultural Diplomacy in the Modern World
The book also explores how cultural diplomacy has evolved in the 21st century, with new actors like Japan, South Korea, and China playing a significant role. Tournès acknowledges that while the U.S. has scaled back its cultural diplomacy efforts in recent years, other countries have heavily invested in this diplomatic tool.
Diplomacy Towards Diasporas
Tournès recognizes the importance of cultural diplomacy in engaging with diasporas, highlighting how nations use cultural initiatives to maintain connections with diaspora communities and leverage them as cultural ambassadors abroad.
Critique of Globalization on Cultural Diplomacy
Contrary to the belief that globalization erodes national cultures, Tournès argues that globalization has, in fact, strengthened cultural identities. He points out the rise of nationalism and the continued practice of cultural diplomacy by a growing number of nations as evidence of the enduring influence of culture in a globalized world.
Through his research, Tournès emphasizes the historical significance and evolving nature of cultural diplomacy as a powerful tool in international relations.
