A few years ago, seeing woolly mammoths on Earth was purely science fiction. Today, with advances in biotechnology, this project seems to be getting closer. Colossal Biosciences, based in Dallas, Texas, is leading an ambitious effort to resurrect this extinct species. By combining genetic engineering, molecular biology, and archaeological research, the team aims not only to bring back the woolly mammoth but also to play a major role in the conservation of the planet.
The bet of Colossal Biosciences Colossal Biosciences has been working from its 5,111 square meter laboratory in Dallas. The goal is to modify the DNA of a very precise section to obtain an animal that looks and behaves like the woolly mammoth, while also fulfilling a vital role in ecosystems. The process is complex: ancient DNA extraction, genetic editing, validation on mouse models, and then embryo cloning. Each step is progressing, and according to TF1 Info, the company aims to have first embryos similar to mammoths by 2028. The acquisition of ViaGen in November 2025 strengthens Colossal’s cloning capability. ViaGen is known for cloning over 3,000 animals. Matt James, Colossal’s animal manager, plays a key role in coordinating these projects. In addition to the woolly mammoth, Colossal has also conducted experiments on other species, such as woolly mice and the dire wolf.
What ancient DNA reveals The rediscovery of the mammoth is based on a vast genomic database. Researchers have assembled over 50 mammoth genomes covering 1.2 million years of evolution. The oldest samples, dating back 1.2 million years, were recovered in the 1970s in Siberia by Russian paleontologist Andrei Sher. Mammoth molars often provide usable DNA, even though this ancient DNA is highly fragmented and poses significant challenges. Comparisons between mammoths and modern elephants show a 99.6% DNA similarity. This closeness enables targeted genetic modifications to recreate characteristics such as a thick coat, a woolly underside, smaller ears, and additional fat reserves. Gene editing tools, including CRISPR-Cas9, facilitate these manipulations.
Its adaptations and role in the ecosystem The woolly mammoth appeared about 700,000 years ago in Siberia and was perfectly adapted to the cold steppe. It could reach 3.35 m at the shoulder and weigh up to 6 tons. Its double-layered coat and subcutaneous fat layer enabled it to withstand temperatures dropping below -40°C. The tusks, which could measure up to 4.57 m, served for defense and for unearthing food under the snow. Bringing back the mammoth could help slow down permafrost thawing. As a keystone species, its reintroduction could transform ecosystems: maintaining steppes, seed dispersal, and, generally, contributing to a more stable environment.
